Single-mode fiber (SMF) has a narrow core of about 9 µm, allowing only a single light mode to propagate. This design virtually eliminates modal dispersion, which is the spreading of light pulses caused by multiple propagation paths, enabling higher bandwidth over longer distances (up to 100 km or more) using laser light sources at wavelengths like 1310 nm or 1550 nm . Multimode fiber (MMF), in contrast, has a larger core (50 µm or 62.5 µm) that supports multiple light modes simultaneously. While this makes it easier to couple light from cost-effective VCSEL or LED sources, it introduces differential mode delay (DMD), which broadens pulses and limits the effective bandwidth-distance product .
For multimode fiber, bandwidth is often specified as Effective Modal Bandwidth (EMB), expressed in MHz·km at 850 nm. For example, OM3 and OM4 multimode fibers are designed to support 10 Gbps to 100 Gbps over distances ranging from 300 m to 400 m, but beyond these distances, modal dispersion significantly reduces signal integrity . Single-mode fiber, by supporting only one propagation mode, can maintain high data rates over tens of kilometers without significant signal degradation, making it ideal for long-haul telecommunications, carrier networks, and backbone infrastructure .
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