Fiber optic splitters are passive devices that divide an optical signal into multiple parts, commonly used in FTTx/PON networks, cable TV, ATM circuits, and local/metropolitan area networks. They typically have at least 2 ports and can scale up to 128 ports, with fixed splitting ratios such as 1x2, 1x4, 1x8, 1x16, or higher . Fiber optic couplers, on the other hand, can split one input into multiple outputs or combine multiple inputs into a single output. They are widely used in bidirectional links, LANs, WDM systems, and optical amplifiers for signal routing, monitoring, and injection . Couplers are characterized by an N x M configuration, where N is the number of input fibers and M is the number of output fibers, often in multiples of two (e.g., 1x2, 2x2, 1x4) .
Splitters and couplers can have fixed or variable splitting ratios, such as 50/50, 40/60, 30/70, 10/90, or even highly asymmetric ratios like 1/99. Custom ratios are achievable depending on the fabrication method and application requirements .
Most fiber couplers operate via evanescent wave coupling, where two fiber cores are brought close together so that light transfers between them over a short coupling region. This principle allows precise control of splitting ratios and minimal insertion loss . In summary, splitters are optimized for signal distribution with fixed ratios, while couplers offer more flexibility, including combining signals, and both are essential components in modern optical networks and laboratory setups.
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