The attenuation (or loss) in dB is calculated using the ratio of input power to output power :
Here, is the optical power incident on the beam splitter, and is the power measured at the output port of interest . For a 50/50 beam splitter, ideally each output receives half the input power, corresponding to an attenuation of 3 dB per port.
For splitters with unequal ratios (e.g., 70/30), the attenuation for each output can be calculated as:
where is the power at the -th output. Manufacturers often provide nominal splitting ratios, which can be used to estimate expected attenuation .
For ideal, lossless beam splitters, the transmission () and reflection () coefficients satisfy . The attenuation can also be expressed in terms of these coefficients:
depending on whether you are measuring the transmitted or reflected beam . Real beam splitters have additional losses due to absorption, scattering, and imperfect coatings, which should be included in practical calculations.
Here''s a table with calculated attenuations for even fiber optic splitters with 2 or more outputs. If you don''t have this
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