The thread root (or minor diameter) is the innermost part of an external thread, forming the valley between adjacent thread flanks. It is the smallest cross-sectional area of the bolt, making it the primary load-bearing core of the fastener . The root's geometry creates a stress concentration, where applied forces are magnified, and sharp curvatures act as notches that can increase localized stress by four to six times compared to the main body of the bolt . Consequently, the strength and durability of the fastener are highly dependent on the root's size and smoothness. A smaller or poorly formed root can lead to premature failure under tensile or cyclic loads, while a well-designed root distributes stress more evenly, enhancing longevity.
In sewing, the small mother thread often refers to the bobbin or lower thread, which interlocks with the upper thread to form stitches . Its main function is to create secure, balanced stitches that hold fabric pieces together. The thread must have good tensile strength, smoothness, uniform thickness, and moderate elasticity to pass through the needle and fabric without breaking or distorting . A weak or uneven thread can cause stitch failure, seam gaps, or fabric puckering, while a high-quality thread ensures durable, aesthetically pleasing seams that withstand wear and washing .
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