Instantaneous overcurrent protection acts without intentional delay and is designed to clear severe short-circuits near the relay location immediately. It typically covers 80–85% of the protected line and responds in milliseconds once the current exceeds the set threshold. This stage ensures fast fault clearance to prevent equipment damage and maintain system stability, but it does not cover the entire line to maintain selectivity and avoid unnecessary tripping of upstream relays .
The second stage introduces a short intentional delay, usually between 0.3–0.5 seconds, to allow selective clearing of faults in the remaining sections of the line. This stage ensures that the relay closest to the fault operates first, while providing coverage for mid-line faults. It balances speed and selectivity, preventing unnecessary disconnection of healthy parts of the network .
The third stage serves as backup protection for the first two stages. It operates with a longer delay, typically 1–5 seconds, and may use an inverse-time characteristic, where the operating time decreases as fault current increases. This stage covers end-of-line faults and adjacent line sections, ensuring that faults not cleared by Stages 1 or 2 are eventually isolated. It provides system-wide reliability and prevents cascading failures .
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