Type tests are performed at the manufacturer's facility to verify that a relay meets its specifications and complies with relevant standards such as IEC 60255 and IEEE C37.90. These tests simulate abnormal power conditions to ensure the relay operates correctly under fault scenarios. For digital or numerical relays, type testing includes both hardware and software evaluation to detect manufacturing defects early and minimize remedial work ( ).
Acceptance tests are conducted on new relays or relay types previously used to confirm their characteristics. This is typically done in a laboratory setting and may involve:
Commissioning tests are performed on-site to ensure the relay and protection system are correctly installed and configured. Key steps include:
Functional tests evaluate the relay's performance under controlled conditions:
Periodic maintenance ensures continued reliability and includes:
Perform power system simulations of selected faults and observe how a given protection principle (overcurrent, impedance, and
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