
1. Transmission Distance and Reach Classification Long-distance transceivers are categorized by reach: LR (10 km), ER (40 km), ZR (80–120 km), and DWDM-enhanced variants for ultra-long spans. The reach depends on transmitted optical power, receiver sensitivity, fiber attenuation, connector/splice loss, and chromatic dispersion rather than just wavelength . For rail transit, distances between stations or control centers often exceed 10 km, making ER or ZR-class transceivers suitable. 2. Fiber Type and Wavelength Single-mode fiber (SMF) is essential for long-distance rail networks due to its small core (8–10 µm), which minimizes modal dispersion. Wavelength selection is typically 1310 nm for moderate distances and 1550 nm for distances beyond 40 km, as 1550 nm offers lower attenuation and compatibility with optical amplification technologies like EDFAs . Multimode fiber is unsuitable for long-distance rail applications due to higher attenuation and modal dispersion. 3. Laser Technology
For rail transit, the optimal long-distance optical transceiver should be single-mode, 1310/1550 nm wavelength, DFB or EML laser-based, with high receiver sensitivity, appropriate optical power budget, and robust environmental tolerance. Selecting the correct reach class (ER or ZR) and ensuring compatibility with existing network equipment are critical for reliable, high-speed communication across extended rail networks .
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