1. Central Office (CO) / Point of Presence (POP) The central office is the primary hub of a fiber optic network, housing carrier equipment that manages signal routing, aggregation, and distribution to downstream nodes. It typically contains optical line terminals (OLTs) in PON networks, which convert electrical signals to optical signals and control multiple end-user connections . 2. Optical Line Terminal (OLT) An OLT is located at the central office and serves as the interface between the service provider's backbone and the access network. It manages data transmission to multiple subscribers in point-to-multipoint (P2MP) architectures, such as FTTH deployments, and coordinates bandwidth allocation and signal timing . 3. Distribution Node / Fiber Distribution Hub (FDH) Distribution nodes act as intermediate points between the central office and end users. They may house splitters in PON networks to divide a single optical signal among multiple subscribers. In FTTC/N deployments, these nodes often terminate fiber and connect to copper lines for the last segment to the customer . 4. Optical Network Terminal (ONT) / Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) The ONT is installed at the subscriber's location, converting optical signals back into electrical signals for use by home or business devices. It represents the endpoint of the fiber network in FTTH or FTTB architectures . 5. Regenerators / Optical Amplifiers For long-haul or high-capacity networks, regenerators or optical amplifiers are used to boost signal strength. Regenerators convert optical signals to electrical form and back, while optical amplifiers amplify the optical signal directly without conversion, supporting WDM systems and long-distance transmission .
Fiber optic networks rely on a hierarchy of nodes to ensure efficient data transmission, signal management, and scalability. Central offices, OLTs, distribution nodes, ONTs, and amplifiers each play distinct roles, and their deployment depends on the network topology and service requirements, whether for FTTH, FTTB, or FTTC/N architectures .
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