The 14th Five-Year Plan emphasized the modernization of China's energy system, focusing on energy security, low-carbon transformation, and digital integration . The Energy Internet concept involves the integration of renewable energy sources, smart grids, and digital communication technologies to optimize energy production, distribution, and consumption. This approach supports carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, aligning with national climate goals .
During this period, China significantly expanded its renewable energy capacity, with installed wind and solar power increasing from 530 million kilowatts in 2020 to 1.68 billion kilowatts by mid-2025, achieving an average annual growth rate of 28% . Green electricity accounted for roughly one-third of total electricity consumption, and non-fossil energy sources reached about 20% of total energy consumption by 2025 . The Energy Internet facilitates the efficient integration of variable renewable energy into the grid, improving flexibility and reliability.
The development of 5G and related digital technologies played a key role in the Energy Internet. 5G enables high-speed, low-latency, and large-scale connectivity, supporting real-time monitoring, demand-side management, and smart grid operations . The plan highlighted the need to predict electricity demand from emerging industries, such as 5G equipment production, to ensure grid stability and optimize energy allocation .
Energy storage capacity expanded dramatically, reaching approximately 95 million kilowatts by 2025, nearly a 30-fold increase over five years . Hydrogen energy production and consumption exceeded 36 million tonnes, with renewable-based hydrogen accounting for over half of global capacity . These developments enhance the resilience and flexibility of the Energy Internet, enabling better integration of intermittent renewable sources.
The plan also focused on smart grid construction, flexible power supply, and demand-side response. By 2025, flexible power supply reached 24% of total capacity, and demand-side response could manage 3–5% of peak load . These measures improve grid stability, energy efficiency, and the ability to accommodate renewable energy fluctuations.
During the 14th Five-Year Plan, China's Energy Internet advanced through:
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