Single-mode fiber (SMF) is the standard for long-distance communication because it transmits light along a single path, minimizing dispersion and signal loss. Typical maximum distances without amplification are around 160 kilometers, but with dispersion-compensating fibers and optical amplifiers, distances can exceed 200 kilometers per span and, in practice, submarine cables can extend thousands of kilometers using repeaters and boosters . Multimode fiber (MMF), in contrast, supports multiple light paths, which causes mode dispersion and limits its effective range. Maximum distances for multimode fibers are generally less than 2 kilometers, depending on data rate and fiber grade. For example, OM2 multimode fiber supports 550 meters at 1 Gbps and only 82 meters at 10 Gbps .
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